Memetakan Hambatan Belajar di Sekolah Dasar Perdesaan Indonesia: Tinjauan Integratif dan Implikasinya bagi Kabupaten Bima
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53299/jppi.v6i4.5581Keywords:
hambatan belajar, sekolah dasar perdesaan, model bioekologis, tinjauan integratif, Kabupaten BimaAbstract
Rendahnya hasil belajar siswa sekolah dasar di wilayah perdesaan Indonesia telah banyak dilaporkan, tetapi hambatan belajar umumnya diuraikan sebagai daftar faktor yang terpisah. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan hambatan belajar siswa sekolah dasar perdesaan menurut lapisan konteksnya, menganalisis bagaimana hambatan antarlapis saling memperkuat atau meredam, dan merumuskan implikasinya bagi Kabupaten Bima. Penelitian menggunakan tinjauan literatur integratif dengan tahapan seleksi PRISMA 2020 serta pemetaan ko-kemunculan istilah dengan normalisasi association strength. Dari 101 rekaman yang teridentifikasi, 16 dokumen memenuhi kriteria, yaitu artikel jurnal, kertas kerja, dan laporan lembaga penelitian yang terbit pada periode 2006 hingga 2026, termasuk empat studi di Kabupaten Bima dan Dompu yang berbagi bahasa Mbojo. Data dianalisis dengan sintesis tematik yang dipandu model bioekologis Bronfenbrenner. Pemetaan ko-kemunculan menunjukkan tiga klaster tema dan memperlihatkan bahwa kondisi peredam hambatan jarang diteliti. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa hambatan tersebar pada lapisan siswa, mikrosistem, mesosistem, eksosistem, dan makrosistem. Selain itu, tinjauan mengidentifikasi empat pola interaksi antarlapis, yaitu hambatan bahasa yang diperkuat kebijakan monolingual, keterlibatan orang tua yang tidak berdampak tanpa kapasitas dan dukungan guru, keterpencilan yang menurunkan waktu belajar efektif melalui absensi dan kelas rangkap, serta intervensi dari atas yang justru menimbulkan hambatan baru. Literatur juga menunjukkan adanya peredam, seperti praktik translanguaging, akuntabilitas sosial sekolah dan komunitas, serta kolaborasi sekolah dan desa. Tinjauan ini menyimpulkan bahwa perbaikan pembelajaran di sekolah dasar perdesaan, termasuk di Kabupaten Bima, perlu menyasar hubungan antarlapis, bukan satu faktor saja.
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